Unit 3: Physical Science - Chemistry

Web Links and Ideas

What are Web Links and Ideas?

Occasionally you will find instructions in Nova Scotia Science AE Chemistry that direct you to the Internet for a particular resource. We've developed this page, so that you will always be able to reach safe, reliable and continuously updated resources. Everything is correlated to the Nova Scotia Science AE Chemistry pages for your convenience.

This Web Link and Ideas page also provides plenty of extra Internet links as additional resources.

Chemistry Page 2

Atoms, Molecules and States of Matter - does a very good job of explaining the basics of matter and the laws that govern chemical compounds and reactions.

Chemistry Page 2

Solid, Liquid, Gas Animations - want to see what the particles of solids, liquids and gases really look like? Try these great pages:

• Matter: States of Matter - fantastic explanations, and even better graphics. Zoom in on the pictures of solids, liquids and gases for excellent animations.
• Billiards of Molecules - add energy to these particles and see what happens!

Chemistry Page 2

Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment - try it yourself:

• The Rutherford Experiment - a java-based interactive explanation of Rutherford's gold foil experiment.
• Rutherford's Gold Foil experiement - a flash-based step-by-step explanation of how the experiment was performed and the theory behind the results.

Chemistry Page 2

Ernest Rutherford and the Nature of Matter - his gold foil experiment provided a significant advance to atomic theory:

• Ernest Rutherford - a Biography - from the site commemorating his 1908 Nobel prize.
• Ernest Rutherford - Atomic Theory - an illustrated description of this famous experiment, where alpha particles are shot through gold foil.
• The Nature of the Atom - a java animation of the emission and absorption of a photon is also included.

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Who Found Out What? - there is a huge list of historical figures and contributions when it comes to the development of modern atomic theory. Here are some good sites to get you started on your search:

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Atomic Theory - three subatomic particles and a whole lot of empty space.

• The Atom - an overview of many of the concepts covered in science 10.
• Is the Atom Fundamental? - use the arrows in the top right corner to navigate towards the answer.
• Electron - all about electrons!

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The Periodic Table - the amazing elemental organizational device.

• The History of the Periodic Table - like knowing who invented the alphabet!
• Dmitriy Mendeleev - the inventor of the periodic table, from the website of Moscow State Univeristy.
• Periodic Table of the Elements - looks great, and has tons of information about each and every element.
• The Wooden Period Table - talk about taking things literally! This is a wonderful table with great collection of samples.
• The Periodic Table - a periodic table that, with a simple mouse rollover, provides plenty of information.
• The Chemicool Periodic Table - yup, it's cool.
• Visual Elements Periodic Table - HTML or Flash versions.
• It's Elemental-Periodic Table - another good source of information on each element.
• Periodic Table handouts - .pdf files of various periodic tables, including one that is totally blank.
• Interactive Periodic Table - chemicalelements.com names and properties of each group and element on the periodic table.
• Interactive Periodic Table II - WebElements names and properties of each element on the periodic table.
• Periodic Table Tetris - how well do you know the positions of the first 12 elements?
• Elements: Basic Properties of Matter - an interactive introduction to the periodic table.
• Element Games - from Flash cards to Concentration.
• Element Math Game - tests the math behind the symbols.
• ELEMENTary, My Dear Watson - use element symbols to complete the story.
• Names and Symbols of Elements - practice your knowledge.
• The Properties of Elements - how well do you know the properties of Neon?
• Periodicity of Behaviour - electron shell diagrams of the first 18 elements.
• Element Bingo - a collection of bingo sheets designed to test the students knowledge of element symbols.
• Online Chemistry Games - great periodic table games... try level 4, I dare you!

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Atomic number, Mass number, Atomic molar mass & Isotopes - these links clarify the differences.

• Atomic Number - the number of protons (positively charged particles) in the nucleus.
• Isotopes - an encyclopedia of information.
• What is an amu? - carbon, with an amu=12, is what all other elements are compared to.

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The Bohr Model and What it Means - the Bohr model helps in the understanding of atoms and ions.

• How Atoms Work - to Bohr and beyond, a very well written resource.
• Arrangement of Electrons - explains how electrons arrange themselves.
• Bohr's Atom - great explanation with a very good animation.
• How Do I Make a Model of the Atom? - you can't mess up with this great step-by-step treatment.

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Metal Reactivity - gaining or losing electrons to form compounds can be exciting!

• Sodium and Potassium in water - these metals react vigorouly with water (QuickTime required).
• Step-by-step guide to the Sodium.Water Experiment - shows safe procedure (QuickTime required).
• When good labs go bad - testing the pH and temperature of a sodium/water reaction - a good example of a poorly planned and definitely NOT recommended procedure.
• The Reactivity of Metals - descriptions, examples and a ranking of most to least reactive metals.
• Alkali Metals and Reactivity - movies showing the increase in reactivity as we move the alkali metal family (QuickTime required).
• Reactions of Metals - a nice overview with helpful animations.

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Valences, Ions and Molecules - losing, gaining and sharing electrons is what it is all about:

• Kapili.com: Ions - excellent summary of what an ion is, and begins to explain ionic bonding.
• Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds - illustrated examples of combining capacity.
• Lewis Diagrams for Compound Formation - showing valence electrons' interaction in compound formation, as well as elements in a periodic table layout.
• The Octet Rule - an explanation with some practice problems as well.

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Examples of Chemical Change - look for the formation of new substances, or sometimes more subtle clues.

• What is a Chemical Reaction? - plus examples.
• Chemical Reactions - the basics.

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Ionic vs Molecular - make sure you know the difference:

• Ionic vs Covalent Bonds - an interactive comparison between ionic, non-polar covalent, and polar covalent bonds. (flash-based)
• Marvelous Molecules - an entertaining exhibit!
• Types of Chemical Bonding - good diagrams supplement explanations of basic bonding types.
• Chemical Bonding - discusses several bonding types, with excellent diagrams too.
• Chemical Bonding: An Introduction - serves as a discussion overview of the bonding types.
• Chemical Bonds: Frequently Asked Questions - get your questions answered here.

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Properties of Substances - ionic and molecular compounds have different properties:

• Characteristics of Ionic Compounds - a nice overview.
• Mixing Ionic Materials with Water - step-by-step guide examining individual water and salt molecules.
• Properties of Covalent Compounds - a list of properties common to molecular compounds.
• Comparison of Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds - a side-by-side comparison of properties.

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Naming Ionic Compounds - lots of tutorials and practice:

• Names and Formulas - this java-based quiz is simple, but provides lots of practice naming ionic compounds.
• Atoms Tutorial - how ions join to form compounds.
• Ionic Nomenclature - name and formula practice.
• Cations and formula names - tests your knowledge of the positive ions.
• Anions and formula names - now, see what you know of the negative ions.
• Polyatomic Ions quiz - practical examples of polyatomic ions.
• Complex Ion Experiments - choose from several experiments (QuickTime required).
• Ionic Formula Unit - the formula written with the most reduced set of subscripts for each atom.

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Naming Molecular Compounds - more information, tutorials and practice:

• Binary Covalent Bonds - tutorial/test of naming and formulas.
• Compound Basics - a contrast between ionic and molecular compounds.
• Covalent vs Ionic Bonds - simple illustration of the fundamental differences.
• Covalent Bonding - the sharing of electrons to allow both non-metals to 'gain' electrons.
• Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds - an interactive explanation.

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Compounds Containing Hydrogen - these compounds have unique characteristics:

• Hydrogen Bonds and Water - a great multimedia explanation of hydrogen bonds in water.
• The Chemistry of Water - hydrogen bonds, "the glue of life".
• The Hydrogen Bond - the attraction much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds.
• Hydrogen Bonds - theory and some mention of biological importance.
• Polarity in Water - hydrogen bond formation in water, also seen here.
• Hydrogen Bonds - some biological effects of the hydrogen bond.
• The Secret Nature of Hydrogen Bonds - water just gets stranger and stranger.
• Acids and Bases - an introduction and glossary of terms.
• Acid Animation - a great animated discussion of the ions responsible.
• Acids, Alkalis and Neutral Substances - properties, animations and illustrations.

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Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations - practice makes perfect!

• Interactive Tutorial on Balancing Equations - instructs and tests you along the way.
• Balancing Chemical Equations - practice in balancing equations.
• Tutorial on Balancing Chemical Equations - 'balance mystery' involving monkeys!
• Balancing Chemical Equations - another guide, with practice questions at the end.
• Balancing Chemical Reactions - from word to skeleton to balanced.
• Practice Balancing Equations - and get feedback immediately.
• Writing Word Equations - steps to write a balanced reaction from a word description.

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Magnesium Burning - a nice colour graphic.

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Five Simple Types of Chemical Reactions - similar characteristics among millions of chemical changes allow scientists to classify them into groups.

• The Categories of Chemical Reactions - a review of the five reactions, plus a mention of acid/base reactions.
• Classifications of Chemical Reactions - a review.

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Formation and Decomposition Reactions - creating compounds and breaking them up.

• Synthesis Reactions
• Sodium + Chlorine: Pass the Salt, please - formation of table salt, includes video of reaction. Part of the excellent reaction collection at Angelo State University (RealPlayer required)
• Burning Magnesium - the formation of magnesium oxide, includes a video of the reaction (QuickTime required).
• Reaction of Chlorine with Iron - the formation of iron (III) chloride, includes images of the reaction (QuickTime required).
• Burning Iron - iron burns in pure oxygen, includes a video (QuickTime required).
• Decomposition Reactions
• Electrolysis of Water - using a Hoffman apparatus, with video (QuickTime required).
• Thermal Decompositions - copper (II) carbonate decomposition.

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Single Replacement Reactions - A + BC --> B + AC

• Single Replacement Reactions

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Double Replacement Reactions - AB + CD --> AC + BD

• Double Replacement Reactions
• Lead (II) nitrate + sodium iodide - still images of the formation of a precipitate.
• Sodium iodide + silver nitrate - formation of a precipitate (QuickTime required).

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Neutralization - acid + base --> water + salt

• Neutralization - an 'animated' explanation of the theory behind neutralization.
• Neutralization: An Industrial Process - 98% sulfuric acid, 50% sodium hydroxide.

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Acids and Bases Effects on the Environment - some have serious environmental effects:

• Acid Rain - what is it?
• Acid Deposition - effects on the Altantic region.
• Acid Rain - all about the problem.

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Safety - the lab is a workplace, and to keep it safe, everyone should know the basics of WHMIS.

• Health Canada's Product Safety Program - all Canadians should be aware of this excellent safety program.
• What are Household Hazardous Wastes? - Alberta Environment explains what is waste and what isn't.
• WHMIS from Health Canada - Canadian standards for workplace safety.

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Laboratory Guidelines - get the chemical and safety information you need before you begin your experiment:

• Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - an MSDS compendium of chemical products used by Canadian companies.
• Material Safety Data Sheets on the Internet - a collection of several free sites that supply MSDS information. You can also subscribe to or purchase MSDS collections from several suppliers.
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - thousands of chemicals can be found in this safety collection.
• The Development of the MSDS - the history of the "MSDS" dates back thousands of years.

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Unit Practice Quiz - want a bit of extra chemistry unit practice? Try this quiz.